Volume 5, Number 1Reviews in UrologyUrothelial Carcinoma in a Man with Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon CancerLewis E HarpsterDean L LenzUrothelial carcinomaCystoscopyUrine cytologyUrinalysisHereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
Volume 10, Number 2Review ArticlesCritical Evaluation of Urinary Markers for Bladder Cancer Detection and MonitoringDiagnostic UpdateShahrokh F ShariatPierre I KarakiewizcJose A KaramYair LotanBladder cancer is currently diagnosed using cystoscopy and cytology in patients with suspicious signs and symptoms. These tests are also used to monitor patients with a history of bladder cancer. The recurrence rate for bladder cancer is high, thus necessitating long-term follow-up. Urine cytology has high specificity but low sensitivity for low-grade bladder tumors. Recently, multiple noninvasive urine-based bladder cancer tests have been developed. Although several markers have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for bladder cancer surveillance, only a few are approved for detection of bladder cancer in high-risk patients. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(2):120-135]Bladder cancerTumor markersCystoscopyUrine cytology