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Radiorecurrent prostate cancerView Articles
RadiosensitizationView Articles
RadiotherapyView Articles

Volume 23, Number 4Prostate Cancer

Deep Learning for Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Current Status

Jessica E. ScholeyAbhejit RajagopalJulian HongPeder LarsonKe Sheng

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used for external beam radiation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer because of its excellent soft tissue contrast and ability to provide functional and physiologic information about tumor behavior. At the same time, deep learning has seen widespread applications in medical imaging, including for MRI-based classification and synthesis. Deep learning–based approaches are being incorporated into the MRI-guided clinical external beam radiation therapy workflow for patient simulation, contouring of targets and critical structures, treatment planning, and treatment delivery. In this review, we examine the current status of deep learning for MRI-guided prostate external beam radiation therapy.

Artificial intelligenceProstatic neoplasmsRadiotherapyMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Deep Learning

Radium Ra 223 dichlorideView Articles

Volume 16, Number 1Review Articles

Emerging Therapeutic for the Treatment of Skeletal-related Events Associated With Metastatic Castrate-resistant Prostate Cancer

CME-certified Article

Paul R Sieber

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer in US and European men and the second leading cause of cancer death in those populations. It is somewhat unique in that nearly all patients who succumb to the disease will ultimately develop bone metastasis. Morbidity from bone metastasis—referred to as skeletal-related events, which include fractures, cord compression, radiation to bone, and surgery to bone—leads to significant costs and impaired quality of life. This article reviews three agents and the roles they play in the ever-changing armamentarium of treatments for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The potential benefits of these agents are discussed, as well as the continuing use of these agents and their earlier introduction in the patient with progressive mCRPC with bone metastasis. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(1):10-20 doi: 10.3909/riu0609] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancerSkeletal-related eventsBone metastasisZoledronic acidDenosumabRadium Ra 223 dichloride

RaloxifeneView Articles
Randomized trialView Articles
Randomized trialsView Articles
ReboxetineView Articles

Volume 13, Number 1Review Articles

Infantile Enuresis: Current State-of-the-Art Therapy and Future Trends

Disease State Review

Franklin E KuehhasNenad DjakovicMarkus Hohenfellner

"Enuresis nocturna is a widespread problem among children, with up to 25% of all children possibly suffering from this condition. Several therapeutic modalities are currently available. This article reviews current state-of-the-art therapies, highlights current literature, and provides an update on recent developments within the field of enuresis nocturna. [Rev Urol. 2011;13(1):1-5 doi: 10.3909/riu0498]"

DesmopressinEnuresis nocturnaAlarm therapyImipramineReboxetineGiggle incontinenceMethylphenidatePelvic floor muscle exercise

Receptor blockadeView Articles
recombinant BCGView Articles

Volume 21, Number 1Review Articles

Immunotherapy in Urological Tumors

Treatment Review

Nikhil VasdevAnand SharmaNarin SuleymanOliver Jones

The past decade has seen significant improvement in our understanding of tumor biological features, which has led to use of anti-programmed-death 1 (PD-1) and anti-PD ligand-1 (PD-L1) agents and cytotoxic T lymphocytes antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors in a multitude of cancers. These immunotherapeutic agents have shown activity in melanoma, lung, head and neck, colorectal, urological, and other cancers. This article details the use of immunotherapy agents in urothelial, renal, prostate, and testicular tumors. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(1):15–20] © 2019 MedReviews®, LLC

ImmunotherapyCytokinesurological tumorsimmune checkpoint inhibitorsrecombinant BCGcell wall-derived therapies

ReconstructionView Articles

Volume 17, Number 2Book Reviews

A Review of Transplantation Practice of the Urologic Organs: Is It Only Achievable for the Kidney?

Treatment Update

Jack Donati-BourneHarry W RobertsYaseen RajjoubRobert A Coleman

Transplantation is a viable treatment option for failure of most major organs. Within urology, transplantation of the kidney and ureter are well documented; however, evidence supporting transplantation of other urologic organs is limited. Failure of these organs carries significant morbidity, and transplantation may have a role in management. This article reviews the knowledge, research, and literature surrounding transplantation of each of the urologic organs. Transplantation of the penis, testicle, urethra, vas deferens, and bladder is discussed. Transplantation attempts have been made individually with each of these organs. Penile transplantation has only been performed once in a human. Testicular transplantation research was intertwined with unethical lucrative pursuits. Interest in urethra, bladder, and vas deferens transplantation has decreased as a result of successful surgical reconstructive techniques. Despite years of effort, transplantations of the penis, testicle, urethra, vas deferens, and bladder are not established in current practice. Recent research has shifted toward techniques of reconstruction, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. [Rev Urol. 2015;17(2):69–77 doi: 10.3909/riu0659] © 2015 MedReviews®, LLC

UrologyTransplantationReconstructionTissue engineering

RecurrenceView Articles
Recurrent urinary tract infectionView Articles

Volume 15, Number 2Review Articles

Management of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Healthy Adult Women

Management Update

Victor W NittiDuane R Hickling

Recurrence after urinary tract infection (rUTI) is common in adult women. The majority of recurrences are believed to be reinfection from extraurinary sources such as the rectum or vagina. However, uropathogenic Escherichia coli are now known to invade urothelial cells and form quiescent intracellular bacterial reservoirs. Management of women with frequent symptomatic rUTI can be particularly vexing for both patients and their treating physicians. This review addresses available and promising management strategies for rUTI in healthy adult women. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(2):41-48 doi: 10.3909/riu0566] © 2013 MedReviews®, LLC

Recurrent urinary tract infectionUropathogenic Escherichia coliProphylaxis

Recurrent urinary tract infectionsView Articles

Volume 22, Number 2Review Articles

Management of Small, Non-obstructing Renal Stones in Adults With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections

Management Review

Ojas ShahRon GolanKimberly L Cooper

The management of small, non-obstructing renal stones in adults with recurrent lower urinary tract infections remains unclear. Whereas for larger or obstructing stones the decision to intervene becomes clearer, for stones smaller than 5 to 6 mm the decision to intervene requires consideration of multiple factors. This review describes these factors, including history, imaging, laboratory studies, as well as a comprehensive review of the literature. It remains of utmost importance that patients have additional possible etiologies appropriately evaluated and managed prior to intervention for their small renal stones. [Rev Urol. 2020;22(2):52–56] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC

Percutaneous nephrolithotomyUreteroscopyShockwave lithotripsyNon-obstructing renal stonesRecurrent urinary tract infections

RefluxView Articles
Reflux, vesicoureteralView Articles
ReformulationView Articles

Volume 11, Number 1Review Articles

The Evolution of Transdermal/Topical Overactive Bladder Therapy and Its Benefits Over Oral Therapy

Treatment Update

Scott MacDiarmid

Multiple antimuscarinic agents are available for the treatment of overactive bladder. Many of the agents have undergone reformulation in an attempt to improve patient adherence and drug tolerability. Oxybutynin evolved from an immediate-release pill to a once-daily oral preparation, and is now available as a transdermal patch and gel. This article discusses the clinical impact of oxybutynin reformulation and reviews the evolution and benefits of transdermal therapy.[Rev Urol. 2009;11(1):1-6]

OxybutyninReformulationTransdermal therapy

Refractory detrusor instabilityView Articles
Refractory overactive bladderView Articles

Volume 19, Number 3Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2017 AUA Annual Meeting

Benjamin M BruckerDean G AssimosEllen ShapiroAlan W PartinMichael B ChancellorJ Curtis NickelMaria J Arcila-RuizSasha C Druskin

[Rev Urol. 2017;19(3):169–179 doi: 10.3909/riu0763] © 2017 MedReviews®, LLC

Percutaneous nephrolithotomyDisorders of sexual developmentBladder exstrophyProstate-specific antigenBiomarkersMicrobiomeOnabotulinumtoxinABladder pain syndromeStem cell therapyInterstitial cystitisStress urinary incontinenceKallikreinZika virusReverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplificationRefractory overactive bladderMeshectomyPudendal neuromodulationMedical expulsive therapyGlans groove

RehabilitationView Articles

Volume 11, Number 3Review Articles

Male Urinary Incontinence: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Preventive Interventions

Systematic Review

Tatyana A ShamliyanJean F WymanRyan PingTimothy J WiltRobert L Kane

Urinary incontinence (UI) in community-dwelling men affects quality of lifeand increases the risk of institutionalization. Observational studies and randomized,controlled trials published in English from 1990 to November 2007on the epidemiology and prevention of UI were identified in several databasesto abstract rates and adjusted odds ratios (OR) of incontinence, calculateabsolute risk difference (ARD) after clinical interventions, and synthesizeevidence with random-effects models. Of 1083 articles identified, 126 wereeligible for analysis. Pooled prevalence of UI increased with age to 21% to32% in elderly men. Poor general health, comorbidities, severe physicallimitations, cognitive impairment, stroke (pooled OR 1.54; 95% confidenceinterval [CI], 1.14-2.1), urinary tract infections (pooled OR 3.49; 95%CI, 2.33-5.23), prostate diseases, and diabetes (pooled OR 1.36; 95% CI,1.14-1.61) were associated with UI. Treatment with tolterodine alone (ARD0.17; 95% CI, 0.02-0.32) or combined with tamsulosin (ARD 0.17; 95% CI,0.08-0.25) resulted in greater self-reported benefit compared with placebo.Radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy for prostate cancer compared withwatchful waiting increased UI. Short-term prevention of UI with pelvic floormuscle rehabilitation after prostatectomy was not consistently seen acrossrandomized, controlled trials. The prevalence of incontinence increased with ageand functional dependency. Stroke, diabetes, poor general health, radiation, andsurgery for prostate cancer were associated with UI in community-dwellingmen. Men reported overall benefit from drug treatments. Limited evidence ofpreventive effects of pelvic floor rehabilitation requires future investigation.[Rev Urol. 2009;11(3):145-165 doi:10.3909/riu0416]© 2009 MedReviews, LLC

Risk factorsUrinary incontinenceRehabilitationDrug therapy

ReimbursementView Articles
RenalView Articles
Renal arteryView Articles

Volume 9, Number 3Case Review

Spontaneous Renal Artery Dissection

Case Review

Herbert LeporJamie A Kanofsky

Spontaneous renal artery dissection (SRAD) is a rare event, and thus may be a challenge for physicians to diagnose and treat. We report a case of SRAD in a healthy 56-year-old male who presented with flank pain, fever, and elevated white blood cell count. The patient was initially diagnosed with nephrolithiasis versus pyelonephritis and was admitted for observation. Multiple imaging modalities, including non-contrast computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium, CT angiogram, and intraoperative angiogram, were used to make the final diagnosis of SRAD. The patient was treated with endovascular stent placement and is currently free of pain with normal laboratory values and blood pressure. [Rev Urol. 2007;9(3):156-160]

KidneyRenal arteryDissectionAngiogramEndovascular stenting

Renal artery aneurysmView Articles

Volume 12, Number 4Case Review

Spontaneous Rupture of a Renal Artery Aneurysm Presenting as Gross Hematuria

Shawn EL WasonThomas Schwaab

Renal artery aneurysms (RAAs) are localized dilations of the renal artery and/or its branches. They are being found with increasing frequency as a result of unrelated abdominal imaging or on workup for hypertension. They are rarely symptomatic; however, they can be a cause of life-threatening hematuria. Discussed is the case of a previously healthy 46-year-old man presenting with flank pain and gross hematuria. It is imperative for the practicing urologist to be aware of the appropriate evaluation and management of RAAs.[Rev Urol. 2010;12(4):e193-e196 doi: 10.3909/riu0489]© 2010 MedReviews®, LLC

Renal artery aneurysmAbdominal aortographyGross hematuria

Renal cancerView Articles
Renal cellView Articles
Renal cell cancerView Articles

Volume 5, Number 2Meeting Reviews

Advances in the Medical Treatment of Prostate Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Renal Cell Cancer, and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Highlights from the XVIIth Congress of the European Association of Urology, Birmingham, UK

Claus G RoehrbornBob DjavanMesut RemziChristian Seitz

Prostate cancerBenign prostatic hyperplasiaBladder cancerLower urinary tract symptomsProstate-specific antigenRadical prostatectomyRadical nephrectomyNomogramsTamsulosinAlfuzosinFinasterideDutasterideBicalutamideBacille Calmette-GuerinPermixonRenal cell cancerTransrectal ultrasound-guided biopsyVirtual cystoscopy

Renal cell carcinomaView Articles
Renal colicView Articles

Volume 13, Number 1Case Review

Appendiceal Abscess Revealed by Right Renal Colic and Hydronephrosis

Case Review

Mustapha AhsainiAbdelhak KhalloukYounes AhallalMohamed Jamal El FassiMoulay Hassan Farih

Reported is the case of a patient who had an appendiceal abscess revealed by right renal colic with fever and general fatigue. The abdominal computed tomography scan showed hydronephrosis and an appendiceal abscess surrounding and compressing the ureter. The appendix contained a stercolith and was perforated. [Rev Urol. 2011;13(1):53-55 doi: 10.3909/riu0479]

HydronephrosisRenal colicAppendicitisAbscess

Renal functionView Articles

Volume 13, Number 2Review Articles

Impact of Stone Removal on Renal Function: A Review

Treatment Review

Dean G AssimosKyle WoodPatrick W MufarrijTristan Keys

Stone removal can improve renal function by eradicating obstruction and, in certain cases, an underlying infection. Stone-removing procedures, however, may negatively impact functional integrity. Many things may impact the latter, including the procedures used, the methods of assessing function, the time when these assessments are made, the occurrence of complications, the baseline condition of the kidney, and patient-related factors. In the majority of cases, little significant functional impairment occurs. However, there are gaps in our knowledge of this subject, including the cumulative effects of multiple procedures violating the renal parenchyma and long-term functional outcomes. [Rev Urol. 2011;13(2):73-89 doi: 10.3909/riu0515] © 2011 MedReviews®, LLC

UreteroscopyKidney stonesShock wave lithotripsyRenal functionPercutaneousnephrolithotomy