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Spermatic cord blockView Articles

Volume 21, Number 1Case Review

Use of Spermatic Cord Block Systematically Identifies a Paraspinal Tumor as Source of Orchialgia

Mason HoltelRobert J Baranello JrAllyson HalePatrick Springhart

Orchialgia is a common urologic complaint with a myriad of etiologies. Workup for orchialgia requires a broad differential diagnosis and a thorough understanding of relevant anatomy. We report the case of a 43-year-old man who presented to a urologist with right testicular pain. Following a negative workup, the patient received a spermatic cord block for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Two months after the block, the patient returned with new complaints of ipsilateral inner thigh paresthesias, suggesting a pathologic process proximal to the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. A subsequent MRI of the lumbosacral spine revealed a paraspinal mass involving nerve roots at L1-2. We highlight the utility of the spermatic cord block and its role in the diagnosis of a paraspinal tumor as an uncommon cause of orchialgia. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(1):49–52] © 2019 MedReviews®, LLC

OrchialgiaNeuropathic painTesticular painSpermatic cord blockGenitofemoral nerveParaspinal tumor

Spermatogonial stem cell cryopreservationView Articles

Volume 17, Number 4Review Articles

Fertility Preservation Options for Men and Women With Cancer

Management Update

Malgorzata E Skaznik-WikielSara Babcock GilbertRandall B MeachamLaxmi A Kondapalli

Approximately 0.2% of Americans aged 20 to 39 years are childhood cancer survivors. Advances in cancer detection and therapy have greatly improved survival rates for young cancer patients; however, treatment of childhood cancers can adversely impact reproductive function. Many cancer patients report a strong desire to be informed of existing options for fertility preservation and future reproduction prior to initiation of gonadotoxic cancer therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. This article discusses, in detail, the effects of cancer treatment on fertility in men and women, and outlines both current and experimental methods of fertility preservation among cancer patients. [Rev Urol. 2015;17(4):211-219 doi: 10.3909/riu0666] © 2016 MedReviews®, LLC

Fertility preservationChildhood cancerSperm cryopreservationTesticular tissue cryopreservationSpermatogonial stem cell cryopreservationEmbryo cryopreservationOocyte cryopreservationOvarian tissue cryopreservation

SphincterView Articles

Volume 20, Number 2Review Articles

Botulinum Toxin Use in Neurourology

Systematic Review

Benjamin M BruckerGregory VurtureBenoit PeyronnetXavier GaméVictor W Nitti

The use of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) has revolutionized the treatment of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) over the past three decades. Initially, it was used as a sphincteric injection for detrusor sphincter dyssynergia but now is used mostly as intradetrusor injection to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). Its use is supported by high-level-of-evidence studies and it has become the gold-standard treatment for patients with NDO refractory to anticholinergics. Several novelties have emerged in the use of BTX-A in neurourology over the past few years. Although onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA) remains the only BTX-A for which use is supported by large, multicenter, randomized, controlled trials (RCT), and is therefore the only one to be licensed in the United States and Europe, a second BTX-A, abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®, Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, NJ), is also supported by high-level-of-evidence studies. Other innovations in the use of BTX-A in neurourology during the past few years include the BTX switch (from abobotulinumtoxinA to onabotulinumtoxinA or the opposite) as a rescue option for primary or secondary failures of intradetrusor BTX-A injection and refinements in intradetrusor injection techniques (number of injection sites, injection into the trigone). There is also a growing interest in long-term failure of BTX-A for NDO and their management, and a possible new indication for urethral sphincter injections. [Rev Urol. 2018;20(2):84–93 doi: 10.3909/riu0792] © 2018 MedReviews®, LLC

Botulinum toxinNeurogenic detrusor overactivitySphincterInjection

Spina bifidaView Articles

Volume 8, Number 3Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2006 AUA Annual Meeting

Meeting Review

Danil V MakarovEllen ShapiroAlan W PartinMichael B ChancellorVictor W NittiJ Curtis NickelJacob RajferClaus G RoehrbornMichael K BrawerArie S BelldegrunJohn P SteinJohn P MulhallTobias KlatteMichael E AldridgeLi-Ming SuShachi Tyagi

Highlights from the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association May 20–25, 2006 Atlanta, GA

Prostate cancerInfertilityBenign prostatic hyperplasiaBladder cancerKidney cancerLower urinary tract symptomsBladder exstrophyOveractive bladderInterstitial cystitisStress urinary incontinencePeyronie’s diseaseSpina bifidaNeurogenic bladderErectile dysfunctionChronic pelvic pain syndromeChronic prostatitisTumor markersAndrogen replacement therapyEjaculatory dysfunctionAnorectal malformationsRenal stonesRobotic-assisted radical prostatectomy

Spinal cord compressionView Articles
Spinal cord injuryView Articles
Spinal dysraphismView Articles

Volume 23, Number 3Pediatric Urology

Recent Advances in Managing Pediatric Neurogenic Bladder due to Spina Bifida

Rachel VancavageAlexandra Rehfuss

Spina bifida is the most prevalent permanently disabling birth defect in the world. It results in damage to nerve endings that negatively affect bladder function and can potentially lead to kidney failure. Management of spina bifida continues to evolve, however, improving outcomes for patients with this condition.

Neurogenic bladderUrinary bladderSpinal dysraphismMyelomeningocele

Spindle cellsView Articles

Volume 9, Number 1Reviews in Urology

Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Kidney: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Case Review

Imane KamaouiAfaf AmartiSanae BennisLaila ChbaniHinde El FatemiTaoufik HarmouchFadl TaziKaoutar Znati

A solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an unusual spindle cell neoplasm that usually occurs in the pleura but has recently been described in diverse extrapleural sites. Urogenital localization is rare, and only 19 cases of SFT of the kidney have been described. We report a case of a large SFT clinically thought to be renal cell carcinoma arising in the kidney of a 70-year-old man. The tumor was well circumscribed and composed of a mixture of spindle cells and dense collagenous bands, with areas of necrosis or cystic changes noted macroscopically and microscopically. Immunohistochemical studies revealed reactivity for CD34, CD99, and Bcl-2 protein, with no staining for keratin, S-100 protein, or muscle markers, confirming the diagnosis of SFT. This tumor is benign in up to 90% of cases. The immunohistochemical study is the key to diagnosis. [Rev Urol. 2007;9(1):36-40]

KidneyImmunohistochemical studyRenal neoplasmSpindle cells

Splenogonadal fusionView Articles

Volume 15, Number 4Case Review

Splenogonadal Fusion: An Unusual Case of an Acute Scrotum

Rena D MalikDennis B Liu

We highlight a case on a normal left testicle with a fibrovascular cord with three nodules consistent with splenic tissue. The torsed splenule demonstrated hemorrhage with neutrophilic infiltrate and thrombus consistent with chronic infarction and torsion. Splenogonadal fusion (SGF) is a rather rare entity, with approximately 184 cases reported in the literature. The most comprehensive review was that of 123 cases completed by Carragher in 1990. Since then, an additional 61 cases have been reported in the scientific literature. We have studied these 61 cases in detail and have included a summary of that information here. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(4):197-201 doi: 10.3909/riu0593] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Splenogonadal fusionAcute scrotum

Squamous cell carcinomaView Articles

Volume 13, Number 1Case Review

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate

Case Review

Samir S TanejaRena D MalikGeorge DakwarMatthew E HardeeNicholas SanfilippoAndrew B Rosenkrantz

"Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate is a rare tumor, making up 0.5% to 1% of all prostate carcinomas. It is typically described as an aggressive cancer, with a median postdiagnosis survival of 14 months. Presented here is a case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate, with a complicated presentation of metastatic disease. Due to the extent of the patientís disease, he was treated with palliative radiation therapy using a four-field technique (AP/PA and left and right lateral fields) with 18 mV photons prescribed to the 100% isodose line. The prescription dose was 4000 cGy in 16 fractions of 250 cGy per fraction. No definitive treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate exists but varying approaches including surgical intervention, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have been implemented without durable response. However, multimodal treatments appear to be the most promising with longer durations of survival. [Rev Urol. 2011;13(1):56-60 doi: 10.3909/riu0494]"

Squamous cell carcinomaProstate adenocarcinomaLower urinary tractsymptomsMultimodal treatments

StagingView Articles
Standard metabolic evaluationView Articles

Volume 13, Number 1Review Articles

Demystifying the Medical Management of Nephrolithiasis

Management Update

Michael LipkinGlenn M Preminger

"Nephrolithiasis is a common problem associated with significant costs to the health care system. Its prevalence continues to increase, particularly in women, which is attributed to changes in diet and lifestyle. The costs associated with the evaluation and management of nephrolithiasis in the United States has been estimated to be $1.83 billion, and, without any intervention, the risk of recurrence is high. This article reviews the management options for nephrolithiasis including a new formulation of potassium citrate, UrocitÆ-K 15 mEq, that allows for dosing flexibility which can lead to improved compliance and tolerability. [Rev Urol. 2011;13(1):34-38 doi: 10.3909/riu0522]"

NephrolithiasisStandard metabolic evaluationHypercalcuria

Statistical modelView Articles

Volume 11, Number 3Review Articles

Predictive Models for Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer Patients

Management Update

Peter T ScardinoWilliam T Lowrance

[Rev Urol.2009;11(3):117-126 doi: 10.3909/riu0456]2009 MedReviews®, LLC©Accurate risk assessment is of paramount importance to newly diagnosedprostate cancer patients and their physicians. Risk prediction models helpidentify those at high (or low) risk of disease progression and guide discussionsabout prognosis and treatment. Widely used, well-validated predictiontools are based on standard, readily available clinical and pathologic parameters,but do not include biomarkers, some of which may have an importantrole in predicting prognosis or determining therapeutic options. A newapproach, known as systems pathology, may improve the accuracy of traditionalprediction methods and provide patients with a more personalized riskassessment of clinically relevant outcomes. The ultimate goal of predictionmodels is to improve medical decision making.

Prostate cancerPrognosisStatistical modelNomogram

Stem cell injectionView Articles

Volume 9, Number 3Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2007 AUA Annual Meeting

Meeting Review

Dean G AssimosDanil V MakarovEllen ShapiroAlan W PartinMichael B ChancellorJ Curtis NickelJacob RajferClaus G RoehrbornMichael K Brawer

Highlights from the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association May 19-24, 2007 Anaheim, CA [Rev Urol. 2007;9(3):133-154]

Prostate cancerObesityBenign prostatic hyperplasiaAntibiotic prophylaxisNocturiaLower urinary tract symptomsBotulinum toxinProstate-specific antigenBiomarkersPCA3TestosteroneUrinary tract infectionsUrolithiasisLaser ablationEndourologyMale voiding dysfunctionLHRH antagonistsAntimuscarinic agentsCircumcisionRepeat biopsyHuman glandularkallikreinExpectant managementCRISP-3MSPMicrovesseldensityEndoglinSurvivinTelomeresInterleukin-8PDE-5 inhibitorsAcute urinaryretention5Alpha-reductase inhibitorsDoxazosinFinasterideTransurethral microwave thermotherapyTURPPerioperative blood lossMicrobialbiofilmsHIVStem cell injection

Stem cell therapyView Articles

Volume 19, Number 3Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2017 AUA Annual Meeting

Benjamin M BruckerDean G AssimosEllen ShapiroAlan W PartinMichael B ChancellorJ Curtis NickelMaria J Arcila-RuizSasha C Druskin

[Rev Urol. 2017;19(3):169–179 doi: 10.3909/riu0763] © 2017 MedReviews®, LLC

Percutaneous nephrolithotomyDisorders of sexual developmentBladder exstrophyProstate-specific antigenBiomarkersMicrobiomeOnabotulinumtoxinABladder pain syndromeStem cell therapyInterstitial cystitisStress urinary incontinenceKallikreinZika virusReverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplificationRefractory overactive bladderMeshectomyPudendal neuromodulationMedical expulsive therapyGlans groove

Stem cellsView Articles
StenosisView Articles

Volume 18, Number 2Review Articles

Urethral Strictures and Stenoses Caused by Prostate Therapy

Treatment Update

Andres F CorreaMang L ChenRichard A Santucci

The number of patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia is on the rise. As a result, the volume of prostate treatment and treatment-related complications is also increasing. Urethral strictures and stenoses are relatively common complications that require individualized management based on the length and location of the obstruction, and the patient’s overall health, and goals of care. In general, less invasive options such as dilation and urethrotomy are preferred as first-line therapy, followed by more invasive substitution, flap, and anastomotic urethroplasty. [Rev Urol. 2016;18(2):90-102 doi: 10.3909/riu0685] © 2016 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancerBenign prostatic hyperplasiaComplicationsStrictureStenosis

Stent migrationView Articles

Volume 12, Number 3Case Review

Risk Factor Analysis and Management of Ureteral Double-J Stent Complications

Case Review

Abdelhak KhalloukYounes AhallalMohamed Jamal El FassiMoulay Hassan Farih

Double-J ureteral stents are commonly used to manage urinary obstructions. Pain, bladder irritative symptoms, and fever are usually signs of early complications related to double-J stents; late complications are more troublesome. We review 4 cases that highlight a variety of late complications with double- J stents (encrustation, migration, and fragmentation). Following a review of the literature, guidelines are established for monitoring potential risk factors as well as management strategies for prevention of possible complications when using double-J stents. [Rev Urol. 2010;12(2/3):e147-e151 doi:10.3909/riu0447]

Double-J stentExtracorporeal shock wave lithotripsyStent migrationFragmentationEncrustation

StentsView Articles
StoneView Articles

Volume 12, Number 1Case Review

Transitional Cell Carcinoma Within a Calyceal Diverticulum Associated With Stone Disease

Case Review

Dean G AssimosJack M ZuckermanCorey Passman

We report a case of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) discovered within a calyceal diverticulum at the time of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The stones and tumor were endoscopically removed and the diverticular cavity fulgurated. Pathologic analysis demonstrated low-grade TCC. A subsequent laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy was performed and high-grade TCC invading the parenchyma was found. This case demonstrates the potential for TCC to develop in stone-containing calyceal diverticula and also the potential for coexistence of different grades of TCC within the involved renal unit.[Rev Urol. 2010;12(1):52-55 doi: 10.3909/riu0446]

Percutaneous nephrolithotomyUrinary tract infectionTransitional cell carcinomaUrolithiasisCalyceal diverticulumStone

Stone cultureView Articles

Volume 14, Number 3Case Review

Multibacterial Growth From a Surgical Renal Stone Culture: A Case Report and Literature Review

Dean G AssimosRoss P HolmesJessica N LangePatrick W MufarrijMajid Mirzazadeh

Urinary calculi may harbor bacteria, and this may lead to deleterious events during stone fragmentation and removal. The isolation of such bacteria from surgically extracted calculi allows for the specific tailoring of antimicrobial therapy. Here, we describe a case involving percutaneous stone removal from which the stone culture demonstrated growth of five different microorganisms. The results of this culture prompted a change in the antibiotic coverage, resulting in a more targeted treatment and improved patient care. [Rev Urol. 2012;14(3/4):108-114 doi: 10.3909/riu0561] © 2013 MedReviews®, LLC

Urinary tract infectionNephrolithiasisStone culture

Stone formationView Articles

Volume 10, Number 2Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2008 AUA Annual Meeting

Meeting Review

Dean G AssimosDanil V MakarovAlan W PartinMichael B ChancellorJ Curtis NickelClaus G RoehrbornMichael K BrawerNaoki YoshimuraShing-Hwa Lu

Highlights from the 2008 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association, May 17-22, 2008, Orlando, FL [Rev Urol. 2008;10(2):136-156]

Focal therapyProstate-specific antigenShock wave lithotripsyTumor markersOveractive bladder syndromeBlockersEarly prostate cancer antigenTMPRSS2-ERGCryotherapyUltrasound-estimated bladder weightElocalcitolLithium triboride laserStone formation

Stone-free rateView Articles

Volume 17, Number 3Review Articles

Optimizing Stone-free Rates With Ureteroscopy

Treatment Update

Dean G AssimosThanmaya G Reddy

Ureteroscopy is being increasingly utilized in the treatment and management of patients with renal and ureteral stones. Improving stone-free rates with ureteroscopy decreases the need for ancillary procedures and improves patient outcomes and satisfaction. This article reviews contemporary literature regarding the efficacy of a wide range of currently available techniques for improving stone-free rates with this procedure. [Rev Urol. 2015;17(3):160-164 doi: 10.3909/riu0665] © 2015 MedReviews®, LLC

UreteroscopyUpper urinary tract stonesStone-free rate

Stress incontinenceView Articles
Stress reductionView Articles
Stress urinary incontinenceView Articles
Stress urinaryincontinenceView Articles
StrictureView Articles

Volume 18, Number 2Review Articles

Urethral Strictures and Stenoses Caused by Prostate Therapy

Treatment Update

Andres F CorreaMang L ChenRichard A Santucci

The number of patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia is on the rise. As a result, the volume of prostate treatment and treatment-related complications is also increasing. Urethral strictures and stenoses are relatively common complications that require individualized management based on the length and location of the obstruction, and the patient’s overall health, and goals of care. In general, less invasive options such as dilation and urethrotomy are preferred as first-line therapy, followed by more invasive substitution, flap, and anastomotic urethroplasty. [Rev Urol. 2016;18(2):90-102 doi: 10.3909/riu0685] © 2016 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancerBenign prostatic hyperplasiaComplicationsStrictureStenosis

Substance PView Articles
Substance P (SP)View Articles