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Directory of Authors from the Journal and their last article.

William David HennerView Articles
William J AronsonView Articles
William L DahutView Articles
William P GianakopoulusView Articles

Volume 14, Number 3Case Review

Two Separate Synchronous Primary Genitourinary Tumors

Matthew T SmithFrederick D TaylorWilliam P GianakopoulusRoy R Brown

A 54-year-old man presented to the office with gross painless hematuria, dysuria, and urinary frequency. He was diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma of the kidney and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The article reviews the presentation, radiology, pathology, and intervention of an uncommon case of synchronous primary carcinomas, and aims to show the importance of continued clinical suspicion for multiple genitourinary primary neoplasms. [Rev Urol. 2012;14(3/4):104-107 doi: 10.3909/riu0555] © 2013 MedReviews®, LLC

HematuriaGenitourinary tumorDysuriaNeoplasmUrinary frequency

William PooreView Articles

Volume 21, Number 4Review Articles

Impact of Demographic Factors and Systemic Disease on Urinary Stone Risk Parameters Amongst Stone Formers

Original Research

Dean G AssimosKyle WoodWilliam PooreBarbara GowerCarter BoydDustin WhitakerOmotola AshorobiRobert Oster

This article examines via multivariate analysis the associations between demographic factors and systemic diseases on stone risk parameters in a stone-forming population. A retrospective chart review of adult stone formers who completed 24-hour urine collections from April 2004 through August 2015 was performed. Data was collected on age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), and diagnoses of diabetes and hypertension. CT imaging and renal/abdominal ultrasonography (within ±6 mo) were reviewed for diagnosis of fatty liver disease. Statistical analysis included Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis, and linear and logistic regression analyses, both univariate and multivariate. Five hundred eighty-nine patients were included. Numerous urinary parameters were significant in association with demographic factors or systemic diseases in a multivariate analysis. Older age was associated with decreased calcium (Ca) excretion (P = 0.0214), supersaturation of calcium oxalate (SSCaOx; P = 0.0262), supersaturation of calcium phosphate (SSCaP; P < 0.0001), and urinary pH (P = 0.0201). Men excreted more Ca (P = 0.0015) and oxalate (Ox; P = 0.0010), had lower urine pH (P = 0.0269), and higher supersaturation of uric acid (SSUA; P < 0.0001) than women. Blacks had lower urine volume (P = 0.0023), less Ca excretion (P = 0.0142), less Ox excretion (P = 0.0074), and higher SSUA (P = 0.0049). Diabetes was associated with more Ox excretion (P < 0.0001), lower SSCaP (P = 0.0068), and lower urinary pH (P = 0.0153). There were positive correlations between BMI and Ca excretion (P = 0.0386), BMI and Ox excretion (P = 0.0177), and BMI and SSUA (P = 0.0045). These results demonstrate that demographic factors and systemic disease are independently associated with numerous risk factors for kidney stones. The mechanisms responsible for these associations and disparities (racial differences) need to be further elucidated. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):158–165] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC

ObesityKidney stonesDiabetesSystemic diseaseFatty Liver

William SteersView Articles
William T LowranceView Articles

Volume 11, Number 3Review Articles

Predictive Models for Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer Patients

Management Update

Peter T ScardinoWilliam T Lowrance

[Rev Urol.2009;11(3):117-126 doi: 10.3909/riu0456]2009 MedReviews®, LLC©Accurate risk assessment is of paramount importance to newly diagnosedprostate cancer patients and their physicians. Risk prediction models helpidentify those at high (or low) risk of disease progression and guide discussionsabout prognosis and treatment. Widely used, well-validated predictiontools are based on standard, readily available clinical and pathologic parameters,but do not include biomarkers, some of which may have an importantrole in predicting prognosis or determining therapeutic options. A newapproach, known as systems pathology, may improve the accuracy of traditionalprediction methods and provide patients with a more personalized riskassessment of clinically relevant outcomes. The ultimate goal of predictionmodels is to improve medical decision making.

Prostate cancerPrognosisStatistical modelNomogram

William W WongView Articles

Volume 16, Number 2Review Articles

Proton Beam Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer 101: Basics, Controversies, and Facts

Treatment Update

Eric S WisenbaughPaul E AndrewsRobert G FerrigniSteven E SchildSameer R KeoleWilliam W WongSujay A Vora

Proton beam therapy for prostate cancer has become a source of controversy in the urologic community, and the rapid dissemination and marketing of this technology has led to many patients inquiring about this therapy. Yet the complexity of the technology, the cost, and the conflicting messages in the literature have left many urologists ill equipped to counsel their patients regarding this option. This article reviews the basic science of the proton beam, examines the reasons for both the hype and the controversy surrounding this therapy, and, most importantly, examines the literature so that every urologist is able to comfortably discuss this option with inquiring patients. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(2):67-75 doi: 10.3909/riu0601] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancerProton beam therapyExternal beam radiation therapyIntensity

Win Shun LaiView Articles

Volume 18, Number 1Review Articles

The Role of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Prophylactic Management Update

Dean G AssimosWin Shun Lai

Postoperative sepsis is the most common cause of mortality after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) procedures. Studies investigating the use of antibiotics in PCNL patients have shown that prophylactic antibiotic regimens can reduce the rate of postoperative infectious complications. In addition, several studies have identified risk factors for sepsis development that can help guide antibiotic treatment and perioperative care overall. This has led the American Urological Association to recommend antibiotic prophylaxis for PCNL as a best practice policy statement. However, despite prophylaxis, postoperative sepsis has continued to remain the leading cause of mortality in PCNL patients. In addition, multiple antibiotic protocols exist within the guideline realms. This review assesses the development and role of antibiotic prophylaxis for PCNL procedures. [Rev Urol. 2016;18(1):10-14 doi: 10.3909/riu0699A] © 2016 MedReviews®, LLC

Percutaneous nephrolithotomyAntibiotic prophylaxisUrosepsis

Winnifred M WongView Articles

Volume 15, Number 3Review Articles

The Case for Hypofractionation of Localized Prostate Cancer

Systematic Review

Winnifred M WongKent E Wallner

An optimal treatment regimen for localized prostate cancer (PCa) is yet to be determined. Increasing evidence reveals a lower a/b ratio for PCa with hypofractionated radiation therapy (HFRT) regimens introduced to exploit this change in therapeutic ratio. HFRT also results in shortened overall treatment times of 4 to 5 weeks, thus reducing staffing and machine burden, and, more importantly, patient stress. This review evaluates pretreatment characteristics, outcomes, and toxicity for 15 HFRT studies on localized PCa. HFRT results in comparable or better biochemical relapse-free survival and toxicity and is a viable option for localized PCa. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(3):113-117 doi: 10.3909/riu0582] © 2013 MedReviews®, LLC

Localized prostate cancerHypofractionationShort-course radiotherapyDose escalation

Wolfgang WeidnerView Articles
Xavier GaméView Articles

Volume 20, Number 2Review Articles

Botulinum Toxin Use in Neurourology

Systematic Review

Benjamin M BruckerGregory VurtureBenoit PeyronnetXavier GaméVictor W Nitti

The use of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) has revolutionized the treatment of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) over the past three decades. Initially, it was used as a sphincteric injection for detrusor sphincter dyssynergia but now is used mostly as intradetrusor injection to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). Its use is supported by high-level-of-evidence studies and it has become the gold-standard treatment for patients with NDO refractory to anticholinergics. Several novelties have emerged in the use of BTX-A in neurourology over the past few years. Although onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA) remains the only BTX-A for which use is supported by large, multicenter, randomized, controlled trials (RCT), and is therefore the only one to be licensed in the United States and Europe, a second BTX-A, abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®, Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, NJ), is also supported by high-level-of-evidence studies. Other innovations in the use of BTX-A in neurourology during the past few years include the BTX switch (from abobotulinumtoxinA to onabotulinumtoxinA or the opposite) as a rescue option for primary or secondary failures of intradetrusor BTX-A injection and refinements in intradetrusor injection techniques (number of injection sites, injection into the trigone). There is also a growing interest in long-term failure of BTX-A for NDO and their management, and a possible new indication for urethral sphincter injections. [Rev Urol. 2018;20(2):84–93 doi: 10.3909/riu0792] © 2018 MedReviews®, LLC

Botulinum toxinNeurogenic detrusor overactivitySphincterInjection

Yagil BarazaniView Articles

Volume 16, Number 4Case Review

Testicular Sclerosing Sertoli Cell Tumor: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Edmund S SabaneghYagil BarazaniSarah ColemanAndres A Roma

Sertoli cell tumors are very rare testicular tumors, representing 0.4% to 1.5% of all testicular malignancies. They are subclassified as classic, large-cell calcifying, and sclerosing Sertoli cell tumors (SSCT) based on distinct clinical features. Only 42 cases of SSCTs have been reported in the literature. We present a case of a 23-year-old man diagnosed with SSCT. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):191-193 doi: 10.3909/riu0620] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Testicular neoplasmSertoli cell tumorSclerosing Sertoli cell tumor

Yair LotanView Articles

Volume 10, Number 2Review Articles

Critical Evaluation of Urinary Markers for Bladder Cancer Detection and Monitoring

Diagnostic Update

Shahrokh F ShariatPierre I KarakiewizcJose A KaramYair Lotan

Bladder cancer is currently diagnosed using cystoscopy and cytology in patients with suspicious signs and symptoms. These tests are also used to monitor patients with a history of bladder cancer. The recurrence rate for bladder cancer is high, thus necessitating long-term follow-up. Urine cytology has high specificity but low sensitivity for low-grade bladder tumors. Recently, multiple noninvasive urine-based bladder cancer tests have been developed. Although several markers have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for bladder cancer surveillance, only a few are approved for detection of bladder cancer in high-risk patients. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(2):120-135]

Bladder cancerTumor markersCystoscopyUrine cytology

Yakup BostanciView Articles

Volume 15, Number 1Review Articles

Laser Prostatectomy: Holmium Laser Enucleation and Photoselective Laser Vaporization of the Prostate

Treatment Update

Yakup BostanciAmir KazzaziBob Djavan

Historically, transurethral resection of the prostate has been the gold standard for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Laser technology has been used to treat BPH for ? 15 years. Over the past decade, it has gained wide acceptance by experienced urologists. This review provides an evidence-based update on laser surgery for BPH with a focus on photoselective laser vaporization and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate surgeries and assesses the safety, efficacy, and durability of these techniques. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(1):1-10 doi: 10.3909/riu0553] © 2013 MedReviews®, LLC

Benign prostatic hyperplasiaLaser prostatectomyLithium triborate laserPotassium-titanyl-phosphate laser

Yan DongView Articles

Volume 19, Number 1Review Articles

Use of the 4Kscore Test to Predict the Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer Prior to Prostate Biopsy: Overall Cost Savings and Improved Quality of Care to the US Healthcare System

Health Economics

Yan DongVincent LinderJeffrey D VoigtStephen Zappala

The 4Kscore® Test (BioReference Laboratories, Elmwood Park, NJ) is a blood test that accurately determines the risk of aggressive prostate cancer and significantly reduces prostate biopsies and associated overdiagnosis and overtreatment of indolent cancer. A budget impact model was developed to test the hypothesis that the 4Kscore Test can improve quality of care and deliver cost savings for patients who are suspected of having prostate cancer and would otherwise undergo prostate biopsy under the current standard of care (SOC) in the United States. The direct costs (diagnosis plus treatment) utilized in the model are based on Medicare payment data and were calculated over a 1-year time horizon. The model compares SOC, in which all patients have prostate biopsy, to a “4Kscore strategy,” in which the 4Kscore Test is used to guide the decision to biopsy the prostate. A set of one-way sensitivity analyses was conducted to examine the robustness of the findings. Savings of more than $169 million (15.6% of total SOC costs) were realized in the 4Kscore strategy versus SOC ($917 M versus $1,086 M, respectively) in a cohort of 100,000 patients. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the findings are robust. Most cost savings for the 4Kscore strategy were realized in patients who, when managed by SOC, are found to have no prostate cancer or Gleason score 6 pathology. The patients with Gleason score 6 exhibited the greatest benefits from the 4Kscore strategy, avoiding both an unnecessary prostate biopsy and subsequent overtreatment. The 4Kscore Test was shown to significantly reduce costs to the healthcare system while improving patients’ quality of care. Providers and their patients suspected of having prostate cancer should consider using the 4Kscore Test prior to proceeding with prostate biopsy. [Rev Urol. 2017;19(1):1-10 doi: 10.3909/riu0753] © 2017 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancerPSA screening4KscoreProstate biopsyCost savings

Yan Kit FongView Articles
Yao-Chi ChuangView Articles
Yaseen RajjoubView Articles

Volume 17, Number 2Book Reviews

A Review of Transplantation Practice of the Urologic Organs: Is It Only Achievable for the Kidney?

Treatment Update

Jack Donati-BourneHarry W RobertsYaseen RajjoubRobert A Coleman

Transplantation is a viable treatment option for failure of most major organs. Within urology, transplantation of the kidney and ureter are well documented; however, evidence supporting transplantation of other urologic organs is limited. Failure of these organs carries significant morbidity, and transplantation may have a role in management. This article reviews the knowledge, research, and literature surrounding transplantation of each of the urologic organs. Transplantation of the penis, testicle, urethra, vas deferens, and bladder is discussed. Transplantation attempts have been made individually with each of these organs. Penile transplantation has only been performed once in a human. Testicular transplantation research was intertwined with unethical lucrative pursuits. Interest in urethra, bladder, and vas deferens transplantation has decreased as a result of successful surgical reconstructive techniques. Despite years of effort, transplantations of the penis, testicle, urethra, vas deferens, and bladder are not established in current practice. Recent research has shifted toward techniques of reconstruction, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. [Rev Urol. 2015;17(2):69&ndash;77 doi: 10.3909/riu0659] © 2015 MedReviews®, LLC

UrologyTransplantationReconstructionTissue engineering

Yasutomo NasuView Articles